Tooth development and replacement in the Atlantic Cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, with comparisons to other Scombroidei.

Atlantic Cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, have large, barbed, premaxillary and dentary fangs, and sharp dagger-shaped teeth in their oral jaws. Functional teeth firmly ankylose to the dentigerous bones. We used dry skeletons, histology, SEM, and micro-CT scanning to study 92 specimens of T. lepturus from the western North Atlantic to describe its dentition and tooth replacement. We identified three modes of intraosseous tooth replacement in T. lepturus depending on the location of the tooth in the jaw. Mode 1 relates to replacement of premaxillary fangs, in which new tooth germs enter the lingual surface of the premaxilla, develop horizontally, and rotate into position. We suggest that growth of large fangs in the premaxilla is accommodated by this horizontal development. Mode 2 occurs for dentary fangs: new tooth germs enter the labial surface of the dentary, develop vertically, and erupt into position. Mode 3 describes replacement of lateral teeth, in which new tooth germs enter a trench along the crest of the dentigerous bone, develop vertically, and erupt into position. Such distinct modes of tooth replacement in a teleostean species are unknown. We compared modes of replacement in T. lepturus to 20 species of scombroids to explore the phylogenetic distribution of these three replacement modes. Alternate tooth replacement (in which new teeth erupt between two functional teeth), ankylosis, and intraosseous tooth development are plesiomorphic to Bluefish + other Scombroidei. Our study highlights the complexity and variability of intraosseous tooth replacement. Within tooth replacement systems, key variables include sites of formation of tooth germs, points of entry of tooth germs into dentigerous bones, coupling of tooth germ migration and bone erosion, whether teeth develop horizontally or immediately beneath the tooth to be replaced, and how tooth eruption and ankylosis occur. Developmentally different tooth replacement processes can yield remarkably similar dentitions.

Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus through prey proximate-composition and caloric values

In the present study we analysed the proximate-composition and caloric values of the preferred prey consumed by ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus L. 1758 (adult females), that are distributed in the inner continental shelf from northern Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil (~22ºS), assessing the potential of nutritional and energetic approach as a tool to understand the feeding selective pattern of this marine top carnivore. The preferred prey of this predator composed of fish co-specifics, Pellona harroweri, Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens, Peprilus paru, squid Doryteuthis plei, and shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri were collected from 2007 to 2010 for proximate-composition (water, protein, lipid, ash, and carbohydrate) and caloric value analyses. The correspondence analysis showed that protein is the main component in the prey species (61.32% of variance explained), standing out from the other nutrients. Lipid has the highest percentage related to L. grossidens, ash to X. kroyeri and carbohydrate to D. plei. The strong correlations between protein and caloric value (positive) and lipid and caloric value (negative) indicated that T. lepturus is attending its energy demand through the prey protein content. This work elucidated the feeding preference of adult females of T. lepturus in relation to nutritional and caloric content of their preferred prey. The species showed food selectivity to prey that provide more energy per ingested biomass, so that the feeding events can maximize the predator's caloric gain, which is obtained by a protein-based diet.

No presente estudo foram analisadas a composição centesimal e o valor calórico das presas preferenciais consumidas pelo peixe-espada, Trichiurus lepturus L. 1758 (fêmeas adultas), que se distribuem na plataforma continental interna do norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil (~ 22ºS). O objetivo foi avaliar o potencial da abordagem nutricional e energética como ferramenta para compreender o padrão de seletividade alimentar deste carnívoro marinho. As presas preferenciais deste predador, compostas por co-específicos e pelos peixes Pellona harroweri, Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens e Peprilus paru, pela lula Doryteuthis plei e pelo camarão Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, foram coletadas entre 2007 e 2010 para análise da composição centesimal (água, proteína, lipídio, cinzas e carboidratos) e do valor calórico. A análise de correspondência mostrou que a proteína é o principal componente nas espécies de presa (61,32% da variância explicada), destacando-se dos outros nutrientes. Para o lipídio a maior porcentagem esteve relacionada com L. grossidens, cinzas com X. kroyeri e carboidratos com D. plei. As fortes correlações entre proteína e valor calórico (positiva) e lipídio e valor calórico (negativa) indicaram que T. lepturus está atendendo sua demanda de energia através do teor de proteína das presas. Este trabalho elucidou a preferência alimentar de fêmeas adultas de T. lepturus em relação ao conteúdo nutricional e calórico das presas preferenciais. A espécie apresentou seletividade alimentar por presas que fornecem mais energia por biomassa ingerida, de modo que os eventos de alimentação maximizem o ganho calórico do predador, que é obtido por uma dieta à base de proteínas.

Total mercury in the fish Trichiurus lepturus from a tropical estuary in relation to length, weight, and season

O estuário do rio Goiana (7º30’S 34º47’W) é um típico estuário de região tropical semi-árida. Esse estuário abriga uma fauna rica de peixes, crustáceos e moluscos que tem um importante papel na vida da população tradicional. Ele também é o principal receptor de efluentes da agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar e esgoto das comunidades e vilas. Trichiurus lepturus (n = 104), do estuário do rio Goiana foram examinados para o conteúdo de mercúrio total durante dez meses (2005 a 2007) ao longo de duas estações secas e parte de uma estação chuvosa. Os indivíduos estudados apresentaram peso (P) (204,1±97,9 g) e comprimento total (CT) (63,1±10,1 cm, variação 29,5-89,0 cm) com uma correlação significativa (p<0,05). As correlações entre CT e Hg-T (r = 0,37286) e entre P e Hg-T (r = 0,38212) foram positivas e significativas. A ANOVA (2 fatores) (n = 81) mostrou que o CT e P apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre as estações. O Hg-T apresentou diferença em relação ao fator estação (p<0,05). A correlação entre Hg-T e a chuva apresentou uma relação negativa e significativa (r = -0,56; p<0,05). A precipitação pluviométrica influenciou fortemente a bioacumulação de mercúrio nessa espécie. Os meses secos apresentaram relativamente concentrações de mercúrio maiores do que o final da estação chuvosa. Isso sugere que a menor precipitação pluviométrica, e consequentemente a menor quantidade de material particulado e menor produtividade primária no estuário, torna o mercúrio mais biodisponível. Peixes desse estuário podem ser consumidos pela população humana ao longo de todo ano.

The Goiana River Estuary (7º30’S 34º47’W) is a typical estuary of the semi-arid tropical regions. This estuary shelters a rich fauna of fish, crustaceans and mollusks which play an important role in the life of traditional populations. It is also the main recipient of the effluents from the sugarcane agro-industry and sewage from settlements and villages. Trichiurus lepturus (n = 104), from the Goiana Estuary were examined for total mercury contents during ten months (2005 to 2007) spaning two dry seasons and part of a rainy season. The studied individuals showed weight (W) (204.1±97.9 g) and total length (TL) (63.1±10.1 cm, range 29.5-89.0 cm) with a significant (p<0.05) correlation. Correlation between TL and Hg-T (r = 0.37286) and between W and Hg-T (r = 0.38212) were positive and significant (p<0.05). Two-way ANOVA (n = 81) showed that TL and W had significant difference (p<0.05) among seasons. The Hg-T showed differences in relation to the factor season (p<0.05). The correlation between Hg-T and rainfall showed a negative and significant relation (r = -0.56; p<0.05). Rainfall strongly influenced the bioacumulation of mercury in this species. Dryer months showed relatively higher mercury concentrations than the end of the rainy season. Less rainfall, and consequently less particulate matter and less primary production in the estuary, make mercury more bioavailable. Fish from this estuary are fit for human consumption at all times of the year.